{"id":66732,"date":"2025-05-21T10:48:52","date_gmt":"2025-05-21T17:48:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energi.media\/?p=66732"},"modified":"2025-05-21T10:48:52","modified_gmt":"2025-05-21T17:48:52","slug":"china-dominates-global-trade-of-battery-minerals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energi.media\/news\/china-dominates-global-trade-of-battery-minerals\/","title":{"rendered":"China dominates global trade of battery minerals"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This article was published by the <a href=\"http:\/\/eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=65305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US Energy Information Administratio<\/a>n on May 21, 2025.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>By Gavin Clark<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>China has a major role at each stage of the global battery supply chain and dominates interregional trade of minerals. China imported almost 12 million short tons of raw and processed battery minerals, accounting for 44 per cent of interregional trade, and exported almost 11 million short tons of battery materials, packs, and components, or 58 per cent of interregional trade in 2023, according to regional <a href=\"https:\/\/comtradeplus.un.org\/\">UN Comtrade data<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p data-type=\"inbrief\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/images\/2025.05.21\/main.svg\" alt=\"selected battery-related global trade volumes\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"source\"><strong>Data source:\u00a0<\/strong>United Nations Statistics Division,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/\">UN Comtrade<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Note:\u00a0<\/strong>Excludes trade within regions.<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>In this article, we consider trade of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/cmm\/what-are-critical-materials-and-critical-minerals\">three key minerals<\/a>\u00a0needed for batteries\u2014graphite, lithium, and cobalt\u2014among China and key global regions. These minerals are mined or extracted from natural and synthetic sources, processed for battery material manufacturing, and then used to produce batteries and battery components, with robust trade at each stage. As global demand for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-07\/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf\">electric vehicles, energy storage, and other energy technologies increases<\/a>, the importance of these minerals and materials also increases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Battery mineral production and raw battery minerals trade<\/strong><br \/>\nLithium is produced through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/climate.mit.edu\/ask-mit\/how-lithium-mined\">brine extraction or hard rock mining<\/a>, cobalt is primarily produced as a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cobaltinstitute.org\/about-cobalt\/cobalt-life-cycle\/cobalt-mining\/\">byproduct of nickel and copper mining<\/a>, and graphite is mined as a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2024\/mcs2024-graphite.pdf\">natural ore<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.coidan.com\/the-alchemy-of-graphite\">synthetically produced<\/a> from pitch and coke. China domestically produced approximately 18 per cent (33,000 short tons) of the world\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2024\/mcs2024-lithium.pdf\">mined lithium<\/a>\u00a0in 2023, and Chinese companies\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cgsr.llnl.gov\/sites\/cgsr\/files\/2024-08\/Mineral-Security.pdf\">control 25 per cent of the world\u2019s lithium mining capacity<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>According to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tearline.mil\/public_page\/china-investment-in-argentinian-lithium#article\">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\u2019s Tearline Project<\/a>, Chinese companies have significant investments in multiple mining and extraction projects in Argentina, giving China access to the\u00a0<em>lithium triangle<\/em>, an area in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile that contains 50 per cent of the world\u2019s lithium. Domestically, China produced 79 per cent, or 1.27 million short tons, of the world\u2019s natural graphite in 2024, according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2025\/mcs2025.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey<\/a>; the United States did not produce any natural graphite that year. Chinese companies own\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cecc.gov\/events\/hearings\/from-cobalt-to-cars-how-china-exploits-child-and-forced-labor-in-the-congo\">80 per cent of cobalt production in Congo-Kinshasa<\/a>, where more than half of global cobalt production is located.<\/p>\n<p>After production, raw battery minerals are shipped globally to be used as feedstock for refining. China accounted for 46 per cent of the world\u2019s raw battery mineral import trade in 2023, according to the UN Comtrade data. Australia, the world\u2019s largest lithium producer, sent almost all its exports to China alone. China, Australia, and the rest of Asia and Oceania (particularly India and Japan) accounted for 71 per cent of the world\u2019s raw battery mineral import trade in 2023.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Battery mineral processing and processed battery minerals trade<\/strong><br \/>\nChina\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-require-export-permits-some-graphite-products-dec-1-2023-10-20\/\">processes over 90 per cent of the world\u2019s graphite<\/a>, and in 2022, Chinese companies accounted for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/resourcetrade.earth\/publications\/critical-metals-ev-batteries#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20Chinese%20companies%20accounted,of%20global%20lithium%20refining%20capacity.\">over two-thirds of the world&#8217;s cobalt and lithium processing capacity<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>China imported 20 per cent of the world\u2019s processed battery minerals in 2023, made up of mainly cobalt from Africa. That same year, China exported 58 per cent of the world\u2019s processed battery minerals, mainly synthetic graphite to the rest of Asia and Oceania. China began implementing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-require-export-permits-some-graphite-products-dec-1-2023-10-20\/\">export restrictions<\/a>\u00a0on graphite products\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.millerchevalier.com\/publication\/trade-compliance-flash-graphite-export-controls-chinas-trade-countermeasures-affecting\">related to electrode manufacturing<\/a>\u00a0in 2023, and we expect such restrictions to lead to lower graphite exports from China in 2024 and 2025.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Battery materials manufacturing and battery materials and component trade<\/strong><br \/>\nProcessed battery minerals are used to produce\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.redwoodmaterials.com\/resources\/cathode-and-anode\/\">battery materials<\/a>, which vary depending on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologynetworks.com\/applied-sciences\/articles\/understanding-battery-types-components-and-the-role-of-battery-material-testing-in-development-and-376993\">a battery&#8217;s chemical composition<\/a>. China accounted for 53 per cent of the world\u2019s battery material export trade in 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Battery materials are then used to produce battery components like electrodes, electrolytes, and separators. For example, a lithium-ion battery cell usually includes a graphite anode,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/elements.visualcapitalist.com\/the-six-major-types-of-lithium-ion-batteries\/\">lithium-based cathode<\/a>, and a dissolved lithium salt electrolyte. In 2022,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/friendshoring-lithium-ion-battery-supply-chain-battery-cell-manufacturing\">China produced<\/a> 85 per cent of the world\u2019s anodes, 82 per cent of electrolytes, 74 per cent of separators, and 70 per cent of cathodes.<\/p>\n<p>China accounted for 74 per cent of the world\u2019s battery pack and component exports in 2023. That same year, China controlled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/batteries-and-secure-energy-transitions\/executive-summary\">nearly 85 per cent of the world\u2019s battery cell production capacity<\/a>\u00a0by monetary value.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/images\/2025.05.21\/chart2.svg\" alt=\"world battery minerals and materials trade by region\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"source\"><strong>Data source:\u00a0<\/strong>United Nations Statistics Division,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/\">UN Comtrade<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Note:\u00a0<\/strong>Excludes trade within regions. Product classifications and selected Harmonized System codes for raw battery minerals, processed battery minerals, battery materials, and battery packs and components are based on the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/publication\/technical-note-critical-minerals\">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development technical note on critical minerals<\/a>\u00a0(2023).<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>This article was published by the US Energy Information Administration on May 21, 2025. By Gavin Clark China has a major role at each stage of the global battery supply chain and dominates interregional trade <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/energi.media\/news\/china-dominates-global-trade-of-battery-minerals\/\" title=\"China dominates global trade of battery minerals\">[Read more]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":66733,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[356,91,891,41,14,613],"class_list":{"0":"post-66732","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-news","8":"tag-batteries","9":"tag-china","10":"tag-eia","11":"tag-energy","12":"tag-featured","13":"tag-mining"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>battery minerals - 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